CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

What is Cause and Effect Relationship?

    Cause and Effect is a relationship between events or things, where one is the result of the other or others. This is a combination of action and reaction. (https://examples.your dictionary.com/cause-and- effect-examples.html)

    The examples of Cause and Effect in sentence:

• When water is heated, the molecules move quickly. Therefore, the water boils.
• A tornado blew the roof off the house, and as a result, the family had to find another place to live.
• Because the alarm was not set, we were late for work. 
• The moon has gravitational pull. Consequently the oceans have tides.
• Since school was canceled, we went to the mall.
• John made a rude comment, so Elise hit him.
• When the ocean is extremely polluted, coral reefs die. 
• The meal we ordered was cheaper than expected, so we ordered dessert.
• Since helium rises, a helium balloon floats.

   

  Ways to express a cause

• because (conjunction) means "for the reason that".

          e.g." Why does the brain tissue not feel pain?" "Because it lacks pain receptors."

• because of (preposition) means "as a result of".

         e.g. Roads can be much harder because of heavy snow.

• due to (preposition) means "caused by".

         e.g. When our muscles warm up due to exertion, we sweat more.

Expressing Effect

• (be) caused by ... 

        e.g. The illness is caused by a virus. (the illness is effect, a virus is a cause).

• can + verb 1 

        e.g. Heavy snowfall can paralyze transportation. (heavy snowfall is cause, paralyze transportation is effect). 

For more explanation about Cause and Effect Relationship, kindly click the link below, this link , and this one.

SONG LYRICS (GRADE XII)

 

A song is a short musical composition with words. The purpose of the song is to entertain the listeners or audiences.

A.          Structure of a song:

§  Intro: It is a brief introduction passage to the song. It is filled with the leading music before the vocals come in.

§  Verse: It is the content of a song. In the verse, we can find the meaning, the feel, the concept, and the theme of the song.

§  Chorus: It is part of a song that is repeated at least once, both lyrically and musically. A chorus usually plays a role as the catchy part in a song.

§  Bridge: It is the part of a song that has relatively different melody from the rest of the song. The bridge creates the contrast and adds a richer dimension to a song.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

[title]                            A Sky Full of Stars

Coldplay

[intro]                        (an intro music)

 

[verse 1]                        'Cause you're a sky, 'cause you're a sky full of stars
I'm gonna give you my heart
'Cause you're a sky, 'cause you're a sky full of stars
'Cause you light up the path

[chorus]                         I don't care, go on and tear me apart
I don't care if you do, ooh
'Cause in a sky, 'cause in a sky full of stars
I think I saw you

[verse 2]                        'Cause you're a sky, 'cause you're a sky full of stars
I wanna die in your arms
'Cause you get lighter the more it gets dark
I'm gonna give you my heart

[chorus]                       I don't care, go on and tear me apart
I don't care if you do, ooh
'Cause in a sky, 'cause in a sky full of stars
I think I see you
I think I see you

[bridge]                        'Cause you're a sky, you're a sky full of stars
Such a heavenly view 

                                     You're such a heavenly view  

                            

                                Click this link to view the video.

   B.    Poetic Devices

            Like a poem, a song also consists of intrinsic and extrinsic elements. One of the intrinsic elements is the poetic devices (figurative language).

            Poetic devices are tools that a poet can use to create rhythm and enhance the meaning or intensify the mood or feeling. A song (to an extent) is similar to a poem; thus, many song writers also use similar poetic devices to create the wanted rhythm and mood. Some of the poetic devices often used in a song are as follow:

     Simile compares two objects using specific words or comparison, such as “ like” od “as”.

Do you ever feel like a plastic bag?

Metaphor compares two unlike things without using “like” or “as”.

You’re picture perfect blue.

     Hyperbole purposefully exaggerates something for dramatic effects.

I got the eye of the tiger, a fighter, dancing through the fire.

     Imagery uses words/phrases that use the five senses to form mental images.

The taste of dirt lingered in his mouth, 

     Onomatopoeia imitates sounds with the use of words.

The drum went bang. 

     Rhyme refers to the similarly of ending sounds existing between two words.

There she stood in front of me

Stripped me bear for the world to see 

     Repetition refers to the repeating of words, phrases, lines, or stanzas.

It’s not about money, money, money

 

B.    Making Inferences the song lyrics

Since a song is basically an audio, to properly infer the meaning of a song, we need to listen to it. Yet, having the printed lyrics is also recommended. Here are some steps that you can follow:

Ø  Listen to the song carefully several times. Listen to it blankly (without reading the lyric), and then also listen to it while reading the lyrics.

Ø  Think about what the song is about and why. Pay close attention to the chorus(=refrain) because it was most likely chosen by the songwriter to emphasize a particular message.

Ø  You should also consider the type of music chosen, such as the particular beat or tempo, the type of music and the rhythm, the low or high notes, and how these features add to the message the songwriter is trying to convey.

Ø  Ask questions about the content of the lyrics and the feel of the music. How do they correlate or contradict?

Ø  Make some predictions to answer your questions.

Ø  Use your background knowledge to help you interpret and make inferences,

👀 PRACTICE

1. Analyze the text structure of the following song in this link.

  

2. Find the poetic devices of the song, minimally 3.

Happy learning and have a blessed Ramadhan!

                                                                                              

 

 

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

What is English?A short history of the origins and development of English
The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" [sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.

Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.Old English (450-1100 AD)

Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English.

The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strongand water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.Middle English (1100-1500)

An example of Middle English by Chaucer.

In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.Modern English
Early Modern English (1500-1800)
Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.

Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare.

This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
Late Modern English (1800-Present)
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).
Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.
The Germanic Family of Languages
English is a member of the Germanic family of languages.Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family.

A brief chronology of English 55 BC Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar. Local inhabitants speak Celtish AD 43 Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain. 436 Roman withdrawal from Britain complete. 449 Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins 450-480 Earliest known Old English inscriptions. Old English 1066 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England. c1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English. Middle English 1348 English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools. 1362 English replaces French as the language of law. English is used in Parliament for the first time. c1388 Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales. c1400 The Great Vowel Shift begins. 1476 William Caxton establishes the first English printing press. Early Modern English 1564 Shakespeare is born. 1604 Table Alphabeticall, the first English dictionary, is published. 1607 The first permanent English settlement in the New World (Jamestown) is established. 1616 Shakespeare dies. 1623 Shakespeare's First Folio is published 1702 The first daily English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published in London. 1755 Samuel Johnson publishes his English dictionary. 1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the American Declaration of Independence. 1782 Britain abandons its colonies in what is later to become the USA. 1828 Webster publishes his American English dictionary. Late Modern English 1922 The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded. 1928 The Oxford English Dictionary is published.